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运动競技是人们遵循人体的生长发育规律和身体的活动规律,通过身体锻炼、技术、训练、竞技比赛等方式达到增强体质,提高运动技术水平,丰富文化生活为目的的社会活动。
体育运动是对于所有有组织或无组织参与,通过使用、维持或改进体能,为参与者提供娱乐的竞技性身体运动的总称。[1][2]世界上共有上百种体育运动,其形式千差万别,有的只需要两人便可完成,有的则需要多人组队完成。
体育运动通常被认为包含所有以体育家精神或身体协调能力为基础的活动,诸如奥林匹克运动会等大型体育赛事只允许满足此定义的体育运动进入,[3]诸如欧洲议会等其他组织也把一些不含身体运动要素的活动排除出体育运动的概念中去。[2]但是有一些具有竞技特点,但缺乏身体运动的活动也被认为属于运动,如脑力运动(mind sport)。国际奥林匹克委员会将国际象棋、圍棋、电竞和桥牌都认定为是“真正的”体育运动,国际单项体育联合会总会SportAccord则将5种无身体运动的项目认定为体育运动,[4][5]不过被认定为体育运动的脑力运动仍然为数不多。[1]
体育运动常会有一系列的规则或传统,用以保证公平竞争、确保对于胜负裁决的一致性。确定获胜与否的可能是某一物理事件,例如射门得分或是首先跨过终点线,也可以是由裁判根据表现客观或主观性指标打分确定結果。
在有组织的体育运动中,通常会有对于优秀表现的记录,一些热门项目中,这样的信息可能会在体育新闻中广泛报道。同时,体育运动对于非参与者来说也是一种娱乐方式,观赏性体育往往会吸引众多观众前往场馆观看,而且还通过转播触及到更广泛的受众。
随着国际交往的扩大,体育事业发展的规模和水平已是衡量一个国家、社会发展进步的一项重要标志,也成为国家间外交及文化交流的重要手段。一个国家的体育发展水平由以下几个方面来衡量:人民的体质水平、体育普及的程度、体育的科学理论水平和体育设施状况、运动技术水平和最好的运动成绩等。
体育可以分为大众体育、专业体育、学校体育、體育競技等种类。包括体育文化、体育教育、体育活动、体育竞赛、体育设施、体育组织及体育科学等诸多要素。
对于如何区分体育运动和休闲活动的准确定义并不统一。国际体育联合会认为,一个体育运动应当符合如下条件:[1]
根据文物和建筑等历史证据表明,中国早在公元前2000年左右便已开始进行体育运动。[6]体操在中国古代时期是十分流行的项目。为法老修筑的纪念碑可以看出,包括游泳、垂钓等体育运动已经在上千年前的古埃及发展起来并建立了体育规则。[7]在埃及开展的其他体育项目还包括投掷标枪、跳高和摔跤。古代波斯的体育运动包括传统伊朗武术项目英雄體育,它同打仗技巧有着密切联系。[8]同样起源于古代波斯的运动项目还包括马球和马上长矛比武。
有大量的体育运动项目自古希腊时期并以产生,古代希腊时期的军事文化和体育运动的发展相互影响。体育对于古希腊人影响深刻的一个突出表现就是他们创立了奥林匹克运动会,每隔四年在伯罗奔尼撒一个叫做奥林匹亚的小村庄举行。[9]
体育运动自古代奥运会时期发展至今,其组织性和相关规则不断得到加强。工业化使得在发达及发展中国家的居民有了更多的闲暇时间,这让他们可以参加并观看观赏性体育运动,体育运动曾参与人数增加,传播更为普遍。随着大众媒体和全球联系的加强,这一趋势更加明显。体育运动专业化成为主流,体育运动更加流行,体育迷们通过广播、电视、互联网追逐职业运动员,同时他们也自己参与业余的体育运动,从中得到锻炼和娱乐。
搏擊運動 綜合搏擊Mixed Combat
体育家精神是指一种追求公平竞争,对于队友和对手谦和有礼,遵守道德,待人真诚,无论输赢始终保持体面的态度。[10][11][12]对于此,现代奥林匹克之父皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦曾说过:“最重要的不是输赢,而是参与”,这是对体育家精神的一个经典表述。
体育运动的核心原则包括,体育运动的结果不应当是提前决定的,比赛双方应当由同等机会获胜。为了保证公平竞争,人们制定了比赛规则,但是参赛者可以通过打破规则来获得优势。
参赛者可能会通过作弊以满足自己的获胜欲望,或者一些更为隐秘的动机。例如人们参与赌博对于比赛结果下注,导致强烈的造马动机,参赛者可能会故意在比赛中放水,以确保得到期望的结果。又如利用分组赛的规则希望通过放水拿到更好的分组,如在2012年夏季奥林匹克运动会上,中国羽毛球队为了包揽金银牌选择让球,最终涉事球员被裁定违反体育精神并被逐出奥运会。[13]
体育运动的竞争性质使得一些参与者试图通过使用药物或者其他方法(如运用人工手段提高身体内的血液量)试图提高自己的竞技表现。
所有被国际奥委会或国际体育联合会认可的体育项目都要进行药检,以检测运动员是否服用禁药,被发现检测见过呈阳性的运动员可能会被禁赛并收回已获得的荣誉。
謊報年齡、欺騙性別等行為不但影響比賽公平,也會讓當事國家及受害國家蒙上陰影。
体育运动中的暴力常常会游走在公平竞争和有意的侵略性暴力之间。运动员、教练、体育爱好者都可能对人或财物实施暴力。在一些国家性和国际性赛事中,骚乱现象十分常见,困扰着赛事组织者。像足球、美式足球、冰球、橄欖球、袋棍球、拳擊、角力、水球及綜合格鬥等运动較容易出現暴力的情形。
同時觀眾如果有像種族歧視、歧視LGBT團體、亂丟雜物、球迷暴動、惡意傷害運動員等不君子行為,或者球隊自身有違反公平競爭的行為,結果可能導致該隊輕者警告、罰款,重者無觀眾比賽、扣積分,嚴重者降級、甚至除名都有可能。
若為運動員所做,或者自身賽外有其他不當行為,如家暴、犯罪,也同樣會面臨主管機關的禁賽、罰款處分。
例如:足球員蘇亞雷斯為典型的例子,2010至2014年世界盃期間,做出種族歧視黑人球員、3次賽中咬人,讓他自己沒有拿過一張紅牌就一共被禁賽48場,同時付出超過20萬美元的罰款,並且對大眾產生負面形象。
同時也有可能因為政治、傳統等因素而對特定種族、宗教人士進行不君子行為,給體育界一大困擾也不知如何處置才是最好(懲處太輕相關人士抗議;反之太重就會引起當事人支持者抗議懲處,認為是妨害行為自由,甚至抵制)。
運動可以是業餘性的、職業性的或是半職業性的,依參加者是否因參加運動而受薪或是工資而定。
由於體育比賽(英语:spectator sport)可以作為供非參賽者觀賞的娛樂,因此運動成為一項產業,也產生職業運動的高薪文化,優秀的運動員會支付超過平均薪資的獎金,最高可以到數百萬美金[14]。
有些運動或是個別的競賽會只允許業餘運動員參加。奧林匹克運動會一開始是只允許業餘運動員參加,因為若有職業運動員參與,對那些只將運動視為是興趣的運動員是不公平的[15]。在1988年的奧運會後,國際奧委會決定將開放所有的職業運動員參加奧運,只有角力和拳擊因業餘和職業的規則不同,仍維持以是業餘的規則為準。
草根運動是指由業餘參與者參與的運動,符合「全民運動」的想法,不以有更好的運動成就為目的,參與運動主要的目的就是娛樂[2][16]。
科技是現代體育中重要的一環,是一些運動(例如賽車)中必需的一部份,在其他運動中則可以提昇運動的成績。
運動科學是對於人類體育活動進行科學化分析的綜合性學科,可以用在和運動員成績有關的領域,例如針對動作微調的影片分析,或是一些器材上的改良,例如泳衣及運動鞋等。
運動工程(英语:Sports engineering)是在1988年興起的學科,不但著重在器材的設計,也著重在運動中科技的應用。
為了不要讓科技影響到體育活動公平競爭的精神,體育主管單位常會訂定特別的規定來控制個別運動員因科技而帶來的不公平。
政治和體育常會互相影響。
1936年在柏林舉行的夏季奧運會可能是最好的例子,說明可以用體育活動宣傳某一特定意識形態。1936年夏季奧運會是政治和體育共生的典型例子,其中高度的宣傳納粹德國。當時德國已經在積極的為戰爭作準備,但利用奧運會向世界營造一個和平的印象,因此奧運會成為掩飾極進軍事目的的一個手法。人權的缺乏是那次奧運的陰影,當時納粹德國主政,在1933年2月時有約十萬名社會運動者被捕,1933年4月時出現了第一次猶太人大屠殺,在1936年7月12日時薩克森豪森集中營開始使用,地點在奧運會場附近。在奧運會期間共有二十萬人被捕入獄[17]。
在南非實行種族隔離政策的期間,許多運動員(尤其是橄欖球球員)認為他們不應該參加南非的比賽。有些運動員認為這對南非種族隔離政策最終的廢除有正面的貢獻,而有些人則認為這強化了種族隔離的不好影響[18]。
1980年夏季奧林匹克運動會在蘇聯舉行,因蘇聯入侵阿富汗,美國等國發起抵制莫斯科奧運會,使得最終只有80個國家參加[19]。四年後的奧運在美國舉行,蘇聯和東歐集團以及北朝鮮、越南、寮國等國都集體抵制了四年後在洛杉磯1984年夏季奧運會[20]。
如果出現運動賽事違規情形嚴重者,其違規情形如:使用禁藥、消極比賽(假球)、謊報年齡、欺騙性別、運動員集體不君子行為(種族歧視、煽動仇恨、不服處分而攻擊比賽單位及其他參賽者)且經比賽單位勸告無效、......等違規,可以建議該國際單項運動總會甚至該國際單項運動總會直接決定,予以停權處分,俄羅斯的田徑、保加利亞的舉重就是因為禁藥事件而被停權,無緣2016年的里約奧運,同時面臨罰款,情節嚴重或累犯甚至單項運動總會可以考慮開除會籍。
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "体育运动", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia
Air sports
• Aerobatics
• Air racing
• Cluster ballooning
• Hopper ballooning
Wingsuit flying
• Gliding
• Hang gliding
• Powered hang glider
• Human powered aircraft
• Model aircraft
• Parachuting
• Banzai skydiving
• BASE jumping
• Skydiving
• Skysurfing
• Wingsuit flying
• Paragliding
• Powered paragliding
• Paramotoring
• Ultralight aviation
Archery
• Field archery
• Flight archery
• Gungdo
• Indoor archery
• Kyūdō
• Popinjay
• Target archery
Ball-over-net games
• Badminton
• Ball badminton
• Biribol
• Bossaball
• Fistball
• Footbag net
• Football tennis
• Footvolley
• Hooverball
• Jianzi
• Padel
• Peteca
• Pickleball
• Platform tennis
• Sepak takraw
• Sipa
• Throwball
• Volleyball
• Beach volleyball
• Water volleyball
• Paralympic volleyball
• Wallyball
• Ringo
Basketball family
• Basketball
• Beach basketball
• Deaf basketball
• Streetball
• Water basketball
• Wheelchair basketball
• Cestoball
• Korfball
• Netball
• Fastnet
• Indoor netball
• Ringball
• Slamball
Bat-and-ball (safe haven)
• Baseball
• Softball
• Slow pitch
• Fast-pitch softball
• 16-inch softball
• Bat and trap
• British baseball – four posts
• Brännboll – four bases
• Corkball – four bases (no base-running)
• Cricket – two creases
• Indoor cricket
• Limited overs cricket
• One Day International
• Test cricket
• Twenty20
• Danish longball
• Kickball
• Kilikiti
• Lapta – two salos (bases)
• The Massachusetts Game – four bases
• Matball
• Oina
• Old cat – variable
• Over-the-line – qv
• Palant
• Pesäpallo – four bases
• Punchball
• Rounders – four bases or posts
• Scrub baseball – four bases (not a team game per se)
• Stickball – variable
• Stool ball – two stools
• Tee-ball
• Town ball – variable
• Vigoro – two wickets
• Wireball
• Wiffleball
Baton twirling
• Baton twirling
Acro sports
• Ballet
• Dancing
• Cheerleading
• Gymnastics
Performance sports
• Drum corps
• Marching band
Board sports
• Skateboarding
• Scootering
• Casterboarding
• Freeboard (skateboard)
• Longboarding
• Streetboarding
• Skysurfing
• Streetluge
• Snowboarding
• Mountainboarding
• Sandboarding
• Snowkiting
• Surfing
• Wakesurfing
• Bodyboarding
• Riverboarding
• Skimboarding
• Windsurfing
• Wakeboarding
• Kneeboarding
• Paddleboarding
Catch games
• Dodgeball
• Ga-ga
• Keep away
• Kin-Ball
• Newcomb ball
• Quidditch
• Rundown (a.k.a. Pickle)
• Yukigassen
Climbing
• Abseiling
• Aid climbing
• Ice climbing
• Mixed climbing
• Mountaineering
• Rock climbing
• Bouldering
• Deep-water soloing
• Sport climbing
• Traditional climbing
• Other
• Canyoning (Canyoneering)
• Coasteering
• Hiking
• Rope climbing
• Pole climbing
Cycling
• Artistic cycling
• BMX
• Cyclo-cross
• Cross-country mountain biking
• Cycle polo
• Cycle speedway
• Downhill mountain biking
• Dirt jumping
• Enduro mountain biking
• Freestyle BMX
• Hardcourt Bike Polo
• Road bicycle racing
• Track cycling
• Underwater cycling
Skibob
• Skibobbing
Unicycle
• Mountain unicycling
• Unicycling
• Unicycle basketball
• Unicycle hockey
• Unicycle trials
Combat sports: wrestling and martial arts
• Aiki-jūjutsu
• Aikido
• Jujutsu
• Judo
• Brazilian jiu-jitsu
• Sambo (martial art)
• Sumo
• Wrestling
• Amateur wrestling
• Greco-Roman wrestling
• Freestyle wrestling
• Folk wrestling
• Boli Khela
• Collar-and-elbow
• Cornish wrestling
• Dumog
• Glima
• Gouren
• Kurash
• Lancashire wrestling
• Catch wrestling
• Malla-yuddha
• Mongolian wrestling
• Pehlwani
• Professional wrestling
• Schwingen
• Shuai jiao
• Ssireum
• Varzesh-e Pahlavani
• Yağlı Güreş
• Greek wrestling
Striking
• Choi Kwang-Do
• Cockfighting
• Boxing
• Bokator
• Capoeira
• Fujian White Crane
• Karate
• Kenpō
• Kickboxing
• Lethwei
• Muay Thai
• Pradal serey
• Sanshou
• Savate
• Shaolin Kung Fu
• Sikaran
• Silat
• Subak
• Taekkyeon
• Taekwondo
• Taidō
• Tang Soo Do
• Wing Chun
• Zui quan
Mixed or hybrid
• Baguazhang
• Bando
• Bartitsu
• Bujinkan
• Hapkido
• Hwa Rang Do
• Jeet Kune Do
• Kajukenbo
• Kalaripayattu
• Krav Maga
• Kuk Sool Won
• Marine Corps Martial Arts Program
• Mixed martial arts
• Northern Praying Mantis
• Ninjutsu
• Pankration
• Pencak Silat
• Sanshou
• Shidōkan Karate
• Shōrin-ryū Shidōkan
• Shoot boxing
• Shootfighting
• Shorinji Kempo
• Systema
• T'ai chi ch'uan
• Vajra-mushti
• Vale tudo
• Vovinam
• Xing Yi Quan
• Zen Bu Kan Kempo
Weapons
• Axe throwing
• Battōjutsu
• Boffer fighting
• Eskrima
• Egyptian stick fencing
• Fencing
• Gatka
• Hojōjutsu
• Iaidō
• Iaijutsu
• Jōdō
• Jogo do pau
• Jūkendō
• Jittejutsu
• Kendo
• Kenjutsu
• Krabi–krabong
• Kung fu
• Kyūdō
• Kyūjutsu
• Modern Arnis
• Naginatajutsu
• Nguni stick-fighting
• Okinawan kobudō
• Shurikenjutsu
• Silambam
• Sōjutsu
• Sword fighting
• Wushu
• Kumdo
• Wing Chun
Skirmish
• Airsoft
• Laser tag
• Paintball
Cue sports
• Carom billiards
• Three-cushion
• Five-pins
• Balkline and straight rail
• Cushion caroms
• Four-ball (yotsudama)
• Artistic billiards
• Novuss (and cued forms of carrom)
• Pocket billiards (pool)
• Eight-ball
• Blackball (a.k.a. British eight-ball pool)
• Nine-ball
• Straight pool (14.1 continuous)
• One-pocket
• Three-ball
• Seven-ball
• Ten-ball
• Rotation
• Baseball pocket billiards
• Cribbage (pool)
• Bank pool
• Artistic pool
• Trick shot competition
• Speed pool
• Bowlliards
• Chicago
• Kelly pool
• Cutthroat
• Killer
• Russian pyramid
• Snooker
• Sinuca brasileira
• Six-red snooker
• Snooker plus
• Hybrid carom–pocket games
• English billiards
• Bottle pool
• Cowboy
• Obstacle variations
• Bagatelle
• Bar billiards
• Bumper pool
• Table Sports
• Foosball
Equine sports
• Buzkashi
• Barrel racing
• Campdrafting
• Cirit
• Charreada
• Chilean rodeo
• Cross country
• Cutting
• Dressage
• Endurance riding
• English pleasure
• Equitation
• Eventing
• Equestrian vaulting
• Gymkhana
• Harness racing
• Horse racing
• Horseball
• Hunter
• Hunter-jumpers
• Jousting
• Pato
• Reining
• Rodeo
• Show jumping
• Steeplechase
• Team penning
• Tent pegging
• Western pleasure
Fishing
• Angling
• Big-game fishing
• Casting
• Noodling
• Spearfishing
• Sport fishing
• Surf fishing
• Rock fishing
• Fly fishing
• Ice fishing
Flying disc sports
• Beach ultimate
• Disc dog
• Disc golf
• Disc golf (urban)
• Dodge disc
• Double disc court
• Flutterguts
• Freestyle
• Freestyle competition
• Goaltimate
• Guts
• Hot box
• Ultimate
Football
• Ancient games
• Chinlone
• Cuju
• Episkyros
• Harpastum
• Kemari
• Ki-o-rahi
• Marn Grook
• Woggabaliri
• Yubi lakpi
• Medieval football
• Ba game
• Caid
• Calcio Fiorentino
• Camping (game)
• Chester-le-Street
• Cnapan
• Cornish hurling
• Haxey Hood
• Knattleikr
• La soule
• Lelo burti
• Mob football
• Royal Shrovetide Football
• Uppies and Downies
• Association football
• Jorkyball
• Paralympic football
• Powerchair Football
• Reduced variants
• Five-a-side football
• Beach soccer
• Futebol de Salão
• Futsal
• Papi fut
• Indoor soccer
• Masters Football
• Street football
• Freestyle football
• Keepie uppie
• Swamp football
• Three sided football
• Australian football
• Nine-a-side footy
• Rec footy
• Metro footy
• English school games
• Eton College
• Field game
• Wall game
• Harrow football
• Gaelic football
• Ladies' Gaelic football
• Gridiron football
• American football
• Eight-man football
• Flag football
• Indoor football
• Arena football
• Nine-man football
• Six-man football
• Sprint football
• Touch football
• Canadian football
• Street football (American)
• Rugby football
• Beach rugby
• Rugby league
• Masters Rugby League
• Mod league
• Rugby league nines
• Rugby league sevens
• Tag rugby
• Touch football
• Wheelchair rugby league
• Rugby union
• American flag rugby
• Mini rugby
• Rugby sevens
• Tag rugby
• Touch rugby
• Rugby tens
• Snow rugby
• Hybrid codes
• Austus
• Eton wall game
• International rules football
• Samoa rules
• Speedball
• Universal football
• Volata
Golf
• Miniature golf
• Match play
• Skins game
• Speed golf
• Stroke play
• Team play
• Shotgun start
Gymnastics
• Acrobatic gymnastics
• Aerobic gymnastics
• Artistic gymnastics
• Balance beam
• Floor
• High bar
• Parallel bars
• Pommel horse
• Still rings
• Uneven bars
• Vault
• Juggling
• Rhythmic gymnastics
• Ball
• Club
• Hoop
• Ribbon
• Rope
• Rope jumping
• Slacklining
• Trampolining
• Trapeze
• Flying trapeze
• Static trapeze
• Tumbling
Handball family
• Goalball
• Hitbal
• Tchoukball
• Team handball
• Beach handball
• Czech handball
• Field handball
• Torball
• Water polo
Hunting
• Beagling
• Big game hunting
• Deer hunting
• Fox hunting
• Hare coursing
• Wolf hunting
Ice sports
• Bandy
• Rink bandy
• Broomball
• Curling
• Ice hockey
• Ringette
• Ice yachting
• Figure skating
Kite sports
• Kite buggy
• Kite fighting
• Kite landboarding
• Kitesurfing
• Parasailing
• Snow kiting
• Sport kite (Stunt kite)
Mixed discipline
• Adventure racing
• Biathlon
• Duathlon
• Decathlon
• Heptathlon
• Icosathlon
• Modern pentathlon
• Pentathlon
• Tetrathlon
• Triathlon
Orienteering family
• Geocaching
• Orienteering
• Rogaining
• Letterboxing
• Waymarking
Pilota family
• American handball
• Australian handball
• Basque pelota
• Jai alai
• Fives
• Eton Fives
• Rugby Fives
• Frisian handball
• Four square
• Gaelic handball
• Jeu de paume
• Palla
• Patball
• Valencian pilota
Racquet (or racket) sports
• Badminton
• Ball badminton
• Basque pelota
• Frontenis
• Xare
• Beach tennis
• Fives
• Matkot
• Padel
• Paleta Frontón
• Pelota mixteca
• Pickleball
• Platform tennis
• Qianball
• Racketlon
• Racquetball
• Racquets
• Real tennis
• Soft tennis
• Speed-ball
• Speedminton
• Squash
• Hardball squash
• Squash tennis
• Stické
• Table tennis
• Tennis
Remote control
• Model aerobatics
• RC racing
• Robot combat
• Slot car racing
Rodeo-originated
• Bullriding
• Barrel Racing
• Bronc Riding
• Saddle Bronc Riding
• Roping
• Calf Roping
• Team Roping
• Steer Wrestling
• Goat Tying
Running
• Endurance
• 5K run
• 10K run
• Cross-country running
• Half marathon
• Marathon
• Road running
• Tower running
• Ultramarathon
• Sprint
• Hurdles
Sailing / Windsurfing
• Ice yachting
• Land sailing
• Land windsurfing
• Sailing
• Windsurfing
• Kiteboarding
• Dinghy sailing
Snow sports
• Alpine skiing
• Freestyle skiing
• Nordic combined
• Nordic skiing
• Cross-country skiing
• Telemark skiing
• Ski jumping
• Ski touring
• Skijoring
• Speed skiing
Sled sports
• Bobsleigh
• Luge
• Skibobbing
• Skeleton
• Toboggan
Shooting sports
• Clay pigeon shooting
• Skeet shooting
• Trap shooting
• Sporting clays
• Target shooting
• Field target
• Fullbore target rifle
• High power rifle
• Benchrest shooting
• Metallic silhouette
• Practical shooting
• Cowboy action shooting
• Metallic silhouette shooting
Stacking
• Card stacking
• Dice stacking
• Sport stacking
Stick and ball games
• Hornussen
Hockey
• Hockey
• Ball hockey
• Bando
• Bandy
• Rink bandy
• Broomball
• Moscow broomball
• Field hockey
• Indoor field hockey
• Floorball
• Ice hockey
Ice hockey
• Pond hockey
• Power hockey
• Ringette
• Sledge hockey
• Underwater ice hockey
• Roller hockey
• Inline hockey
• Roller hockey (Quad)
• Skater hockey
• Rossall Hockey
• Spongee
• Street hockey
• Underwater hockey
• Unicycle hockey
Hurling and shinty
• Cammag
• Hurling
• Camogie
• Shinty
• Composite rules shinty-hurling
Lacrosse
• Lacrosse
• Box lacrosse
• Field lacrosse
• Women's lacrosse
• Intercrosse
Polo
• Polo
• Bicycle polo
• Canoe polo
• Cowboy polo
• Elephant polo
• Horse polo
• Segway polo
• Yak polo
Street sports
• Free running
• Freestyle footbag
• Freestyle football
• Powerbocking
• Parkour
• Scootering
• Street workout
Tag games
• British bulldogs (American Eagle)
• Capture the flag
• Hana Ichi Monme
• Hide and seek
• Jugger
• Kabaddi
• Kho kho
• Kick the can
• Oztag
• Red rover
• Tag
Walking
• Hiking
• Backpacking (wilderness)
• Racewalking
• Bushwhacking
• Walking
Wall-and-ball
• American handball
• Australian handball
• Basque pelota
• Butts Up
• Chinese handball
• Fives
• Gaelic handball
• International fronton
• Jorkyball
• Racquetball
• Squash
• Squash tennis
• Suicide (game)
• Valencian frontó
• Wallball
• Wallyball
Aquatic & paddle sports
• Creeking
• Flyak
• Freeboating
• Sea kayaking
• Squirt boating
• Surf kayaking
• Whitewater kayaking
Rafting
• Rafting
• White water rafting
Rowing
• Rowing (sport)
• Gig racing
• Coastal and ocean rowing
• Surfboat
• Single scull
Other paddling sports
• Dragon boat racing
• Stand up paddle boarding
• Water polo
• Canoe polo
• Waboba
Underwater
• Underwater football
• Underwater rugby
• Underwater hockey
Competitive swimming
• Backstroke
• Breaststroke
• Butterfly stroke
• Freestyle swimming
• Individual medley
• Synchronized swimming
• Medley relay
Kindred activities
• Bifins (finswimming)
• Surface finswimming
Subsurface and recreational
• Apnoea finswimming
• Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)
• Freediving
• Immersion finswimming
• Scuba diving
• Spearfishing
• Snorkelling
• Sport diving (sport)
• Underwater hockey
• Underwater orienteering
• Underwater photography (sport)
• Underwater target shooting
Diving
• Cliff diving
• Diving
Weightlifting
• Basque traditional weightlifting
• Bodybuilding
• Highland games
• Olympic weightlifting
• Powerlifting
• Strength athletics (strongman)
• Steinstossen
Motorized sports
• Autocross (a.k.a. Slalom)
• Autograss
• Banger racing
• Board track racing
• Demolition derby
• Desert racing
• Dirt track racing
• Drag racing
• Drifting
• Folkrace
• Formula racing
• Formula Libre
• Formula Student
• Hillclimbing
• Ice racing
• Kart racing
• Land speed records
• Legends car racing
• Midget car racing
• Monster truck
• Mud bogging
• Off-road racing
• Pickup truck racing
• Production car racing
• Race of Champions
• Rally raid
• Rallycross
• Rallying
• Regularity rally
• Road racing
• Short track motor racing
• Snowmobile racing
• Sports car racing
• Sprint car racing
• Street racing
• Stock car racing
• Time attack
• Tractor pulling
• Touring car racing
• Truck racing
• Vintage racing
• Wheelstand competition
Motorboat racing
• Drag boat racing
• F1 powerboat racing
• Hydroplane racing
• Jet sprint boat racing
• Offshore powerboat racing
• Personal water craft
Motorcycle racing
• Auto Race
• Board track racing
• Cross-country rally
• Endurance racing
• Enduro
• Freestyle motocross
• Grand Prix motorcycle racing
• Grasstrack
• Hillclimbing
• Ice racing
• Ice speedway
• Indoor enduro
• Motocross
• Motorcycle drag racing
• Motorcycle speedway
• Off-roading
• Rally raid
• Road racing
• Superbike racing
• Supercross
• Supermoto
• Supersport racing
• Superside
• Track racing
• Trial
• TT racing
• Free-style moto
Marker sports
• Airsoft
• Archery
• Paintball
• Darts
Musical sports
• Color guard
• Drum corps
• Indoor percussion
• Marching band
Fantasy sports
• Quidditch
• Hunger Games(Gladiating)
• Pod Racing
• Mortal Kombat(MMA)
Other
• Stihl Timbersports Series
• Woodsman
Overlapping sports
• Tennis
• Polocrosse
• Badminton
• Polo
Skating sports
• Aggressive inline skating
• Artistic roller skating
• Figure skating
• Freestyle slalom skating
• Ice dancing
• Ice skating
• Inline speed skating
• Rinkball
• Rink hockey
• Roller derby
• Roller skating
• Short track speed skating
• Skater hockey
• Speed skating
• Synchronized skating
Freestyle skiing
• Snowboarding
• Ski flying
• Skibob
• Snowshoeing
• Skiboarding