カフェイン(英: caffeine, 独: Coffein)は、アルカロイドの1種であり、プリン環を持ったキサンチンの誘導体として知られている。興奮作用を持ち、世界で最も広く使われている精神刺激薬である。カフェインは、アデノシン受容体に拮抗することによって覚醒作用、解熱鎮痛作用、強心作用、利尿作用を示す。
コーヒーから分離されカフェインと命名された。主に、コーヒー飲料、緑茶、ウーロン茶、紅茶、ココア、コーラや栄養ドリンクなどの飲料、チョコレートなどにカフェインが含まれる。一方で、妊娠期や過敏体質によりノンカフェインコーヒー、麦茶などカフェインを含有しない飲料の需要もある。医薬品では総合感冒薬や鎮痛薬に用いられる。
副作用として不眠、めまいなどが含まれる。減量あるいは中止による離脱症状として、頭痛、集中欠如、疲労感、気分の落ち込みなど吐き気や筋肉痛が、ピークがおよそ2日後として生じることがある。頭痛は1日平均235mgの摂取で、2日目には52%が経験する。
カフェインは肝臓の代謝酵素CYP1A2で代謝されるため、この阻害作用のある薬と併用すると、血中濃度が高まり作用が強く出る薬物相互作用を示すことがある。一方、ニコチンにCYP1A2の代謝誘導作用があるため、カフェインの作用は減弱する。 Go to Article
^ ab“Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders”. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. (2009). pp. 375. ISBN978-0-07-148127-4. "Long-term caffeine use can lead to mild physical dependence. A withdrawal syndrome characterized by drowsiness, irritability, and headache typically lasts no longer than a day. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented."
^ abcKarch's pathology of drug abuse (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. (2009). pp. 229–230. ISBN978-0-8493-7881-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=G9E7gfJq0KkC&pg=PA229. "The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists ... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99 individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357 mg per day (Strain et al., 1994). Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM 9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence. ... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal"
^ abAmerican Psychiatric Association (2013年). “Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders”. American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 1–2. 2015年7月10日閲覧。 “Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. ... Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with "addiction" when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance. ... DSM-5 will not include caffeine use disorder, although research shows that as little as two to three cups of coffee can trigger a withdrawal effect marked by tiredness or sleepiness. There is sufficient evidence to support this as a condition, however it is not yet clear to what extent it is a clinically significant disorder.”
^ abcd“Caffeine augments the antidepressant-like activity of mianserin and agomelatine in forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice”. Pharmacological Reports68 (1): 56–61. (February 2016). doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.138. PMID26721352.
^ abcdefgh“Caffeine”. DrugBank. University of Alberta (2013年9月16日). 2014年8月8日閲覧。
^“Caffeine”. Pubchem Compound. NCBI. 2014年10月16日閲覧。 “ Boiling Point 178 °C (sublimes) Melting Point 238 DEG C (ANHYD)”
^“Caffeine”. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014年10月16日閲覧。 “Experimental Melting Point: 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar 237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data 238 °C LKT Labs [C0221] 237 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937 238 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235.25 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 236 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214 Experimental Boiling Point: 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214”
^ ab“Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects”. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews17 (2): 139–70. (1992). doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-B. PMID1356551.
^ abSilverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC, Griffiths RR (October 1992). “Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption”. N. Engl. J. Med.327 (16): 1109–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM199210153271601. PMID1528206.
^F. L. Greenway (2001-8). “The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent”. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity2 (3): 199–211. PMID12120105.
^“Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?”. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease20 Suppl 1: S85-94. (2010). doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091315. PMID20182035. "Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on this, and caffeine appears to improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness. Most studies, however, found improvements in reaction time. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory. ... Its indirect action on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties."
^Castellanos, F. X.; Rapoport, J. L. (2002). “Effects of caffeine on development and behavior in infancy and childhood: A review of the published literature”. Food and Chemical Toxicology40 (9): 1235–1242. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00097-2.
^Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE (1999). “Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use”. Pharmacol. Rev.51 (1): 83–133. PMID10049999.
^Mackay M, Tiplady B, Scholey AB (April 2002). “Interactions between alcohol and caffeine in relation to psychomotor speed and accuracy”. Human Psychopharmacology17 (3): 151–6. doi:10.1002/hup.371. PMID12404692.