Cobalt(II) sulfate

Cobalt(II) sulfate
Names
	IUPAC name Cobalt(II) sulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number	10124-43-3 ; 13455-64-0 (monohydrate) ; 10026-24-1 (heptahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:53470 ;
ChemSpider	23338 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.291
EC Number	233-334-2
PubChem CID	24965;
RTECS number	GG3100000 (anhydrous) ; GG3200000 (heptahydrate)
UNII	H7965X29HX ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Co.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/Co.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-NUQVWONBAJ;
	SMILES [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	CoSO4∙(H2O)7
Molar mass	154.996 g/mol (anhydrous) ; 173.01 g/mol (monohydrate) ; 263.08 g/mol (hexahydrate) ; 281.103 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance	reddish crystalline (anhydrous, monohydrate) ; pink salt (hexahydrate)
Odor	odorless (heptahydrate)
Density	3.71 g/cm3 (anhydrous) ; 3.075 g/cm3 (monohydrate) ; 2.019 g/cm3 (hexahydrate) ; 1.948 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
Melting point	735 °C (1,355 °F; 1,008 K)
Solubility in water	anhydrous: ; 36.2 g/100 mL (20 °C) ; 38.3 g/100 mL (25 °C) ; 84 g/100 mL (100 °C) heptahydrate: ; 60.4 g/100 mL (3 °C) ; 67 g/100 mL (70 °C)
Solubility	anhydrous: ; 1.04 g/100 mL (methanol, 18 °C) ; insoluble in ammonia heptahydrate: ; 54.5 g/100 mL (methanol, 18 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	+10,000·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.639 (monohydrate) ; 1.540 (hexahydrate) ; 1.483 (heptahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure	orthorhombic (anhydrous) ; monoclinic (monohydrate, heptahydrate)
Hazards
Safety data sheet	JT Baker MSDS
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)	Carc. Cat. 2; Muta. Cat. 3; Repr. Cat. 2; Toxic (T); Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases (outdated)	R49, R60, R22, R42/43, R68, R50/53
S-phrases (outdated)	S53, S45, S60, S61
NFPA 704	0 2 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	424 mg/kg (oral, rat)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Cobalt(II) sulfate is any of the inorganic compounds with the formula CoSO₄(H₂O)_x. Usually cobalt sulfate refers to the hydrate CoSO₄^.7H₂O, which is one of the most commonly available salts of cobalt.

Properties, preparation, and structure

Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate appears as red monoclinic crystals that liquify around 100 °C and become anhydrous at 250 °C. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and especially soluble in methanol. The salts are paramagnetic.

It forms by the reaction of metallic cobalt, its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with aqueous sulfuric acid.^[1]

The hexahydrate is a metal aquo complex consisting of octahedral [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ ions associated with sulfate anions.^[2]

Uses

Cobalt is obtained from ores via the sulfate in many cases.^[1]^[3]

Hydrated cobalt(II) sulfate is used in the preparation of pigments, as well as in the manufacture of other cobalt salts. Cobalt pigment is used in porcelains and glass. Cobalt(II) sulfate is used in storage batteries and electroplating baths, sympathetic inks, and as an additive to soils and animal feeds. For these purposes, the cobalt sulfate is produced by treating cobalt oxide with sulfuric acid.^[1]

Health issues

Cobalt is essential for most higher forms of life, but more than a few milligrams each day is harmful. Rarely have poisonings resulted from cobalt compounds.^[4] Upon inhalation of salts, there is some evidence for carcinogenicity.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d John D. Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2
^ Elerman, Y. "Refinement of the crystal structure of CoSO₄*6H₂O" Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications 1988, volume 44, p599-p601. doi:10.1107/S0108270187012447
^ Rarely, cobalt(II) sulfate is found in form of few crystallohydrate minerals, occurring among oxidation zones containing primary Co minerals (like skutterudite or cobaltite). These minerals are: biebierite (heptahydrate), moorhouseite (Co,Ni,Mn)SO₄^.6H₂O, aplowite (Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄^.4H₂O and cobaltkieserite (monohydrate).
^ 11.1.5 The unusual type of myocardiopathy recognized in 1965 and 1966 in Quebec (Canada), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Leuven (Belgium), and Omaha (Nebraska) was associated with episodes of acute heart failure (e/g/, 50 deaths among 112 beer drinkers).

v t e Salts and esters of the sulfate ion
H₂SO₄																	He
Li₂SO₄	BeSO₄											B	esters ROSO₃⁻ (RO)₂SO₂	(NH₄)₂SO₄ [N₂H₅]HSO₄ (NH₃OH)₂SO₄ NOHSO₄	HOSO₄	F	Ne
Na₂SO₄ NaHSO₄	MgSO₄											Al₂(SO₄)₃ Al₂SO₄(OAc)₄	Si	P	SO₄²⁻ HSO₃HSO₄ (HSO₄)₂	Cl	Ar
K₂SO₄ KHSO₄	CaSO₄	Sc₂(SO₄)₃	Ti(SO₄)₂ TiOSO₄	VSO₄ V₂(SO₄)₃ VOSO₄	CrSO₄ Cr₂(SO₄)₃	MnSO₄ Mn₂(SO₄)₃	FeSO₄ Fe₂(SO₄)₃	CoSO₄ Co₂(SO₄)₃	NiSO₄	CuSO₄ Cu₂SO₄ [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)]SO₄	ZnSO₄	Ga₂(SO₄)₃	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
RbHSO₄ Rb₂SO₄	SrSO₄	Y₂(SO₄)₃	Zr(SO₄)₂	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	PdSO₄	Ag₂SO₄	CdSO₄	In₂(SO₄)₃	SnSO₄	Sb₂(SO₄)₃	Te	I	Xe
Cs₂SO₄	BaSO₄		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg₂SO₄ HgSO₄	Tl₂SO₄ Tl₂(SO₄)₃	PbSO₄	Bi₂(SO₄)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Nh	Fl	Mc	Lv	Ts	Og
		↓
		La	Ce₂(SO₄)₃ Ce(SO₄)₂	Pr₂(SO₄)₃	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb₂(SO₄)₃	Lu
		Ac	Th	Pa	U(SO₄)₂ UO₂SO₄	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

[Ullmann-1] John D. Donaldson, Detmar Beyersmann "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2

[2] Elerman, Y. "Refinement of the crystal structure of CoSO₄*6H₂O" Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications 1988, volume 44, p599-p601. doi:10.1107/S0108270187012447

[3] Rarely, cobalt(II) sulfate is found in form of few crystallohydrate minerals, occurring among oxidation zones containing primary Co minerals (like skutterudite or cobaltite). These minerals are: biebierite (heptahydrate), moorhouseite (Co,Ni,Mn)SO₄^.6H₂O, aplowite (Co,Mn,Ni)SO₄^.4H₂O and cobaltkieserite (monohydrate).

[4] 11.1.5 The unusual type of myocardiopathy recognized in 1965 and 1966 in Quebec (Canada), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Leuven (Belgium), and Omaha (Nebraska) was associated with episodes of acute heart failure (e/g/, 50 deaths among 112 beer drinkers).

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