### List of moments of inertia (13980 views - Calculations (Mech&Elec))

In physics and applied mathematics, the mass moment of inertia, usually denoted by I, measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis, and is the rotational analogue to mass. Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML2([mass] × [length]2). It should not be confused with the second moment of area, which is used in beam calculations. The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass. For simple objects with geometric symmetry, one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed-form expression. Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant, but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well. In general, it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry. When calculating moments of inertia, it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems. This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions, with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified.
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## List of moments of inertia

### List of moments of inertia

In physics and applied mathematics, the mass moment of inertia, usually denoted by I, measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis, and is the rotational analogue to mass. Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML2([mass] × [length]2). It should not be confused with the second moment of area, which is used in beam calculations. The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass.

For simple objects with geometric symmetry, one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed-form expression. Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant, but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well. In general, it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry. When calculating moments of inertia, it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems.

This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions, with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified.

## Moments of inertia

Following are scalar moments of inertia. In general, the moment of inertia is a tensor, see below.

Description Figure Moment(s) of inertia
Point mass m at a distance r from the axis of rotation.

A point mass does not have a moment of inertia around its own axis, but using the parallel axis theorem a moment of inertia around a distant axis of rotation is achieved.

${\displaystyle I=mr^{2}}$
Two point masses, M and m, with reduced mass μ and separated by a distance, x about an axis passing through the center of mass of the system and perpendicular to line joining the two particles. ${\displaystyle I={\frac {Mm}{M\!+\!m}}x^{2}=\mu x^{2}}$
Rod of length L and mass m, rotating about its center.

This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin (but rigid) wire. This is a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the center of the plate, with w = L and h = 0.

${\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {center} }={\frac {mL^{2}}{12}}\,\!}$  [1]
Rod of length L and mass m, rotating about one end.

This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin (but rigid) wire. This is also a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the end of the plate, with h = L and w = 0.

${\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {end} }={\frac {mL^{2}}{3}}\,\!}$  [1]
Thin circular hoop of radius r and mass m.

This is a special case of a torus for a = 0 (see below), as well as of a thick-walled cylindrical tube with open ends, with r1 = r2 and h = 0.

${\displaystyle I_{z}=mr^{2}\!}$
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {mr^{2}}{2}}\,\!}$
Thin, solid disk of radius r and mass m.

This is a special case of the solid cylinder, with h = 0. That ${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {I_{z}}{2}}\,}$ is a consequence of the perpendicular axis theorem.

${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {mr^{2}}{2}}\,\!}$
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {mr^{2}}{4}}\,\!}$
Thin cylindrical shell with open ends, of radius r and mass m.

This expression assumes that the shell thickness is negligible. It is a special case of the thick-walled cylindrical tube for r1 = r2.

Also, a point mass m at the end of a rod of length r has this same moment of inertia and the value r is called the radius of gyration.
${\displaystyle I\approx mr^{2}\,\!}$  [1]
Solid cylinder of radius r, height h and mass m.

This is a special case of the thick-walled cylindrical tube, with r1 = 0.

${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {mr^{2}}{2}}\,\!}$  [1]
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(3r^{2}+h^{2}\right)}$
Thick-walled cylindrical tube with open ends, of inner radius r1, outer radius r2, length h and mass m.

${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {m}{2}}\left(r_{1}^{2}+r_{2}^{2}\right)=mr_{2}^{2}\left(1-t+{\frac {t^{2}}{2}}\right)}$   [1] [2]
where t = (r2–r1)/r2 is a normalized thickness ratio;
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(3\left({r_{2}}^{2}+{r_{1}}^{2}\right)+h^{2}\right)}$

With a density of ρ and the same geometry ${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {\pi \rho h}{2}}\left({r_{2}}^{4}-{r_{1}}^{4}\right)}$

${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {\pi \rho h}{12}}\left(3({r_{2}}^{4}-{r_{1}}^{4})+h^{2}({r_{2}}^{2}-{r_{1}}^{2})\right)}$

Regular tetrahedron of side s and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {solid} }={\frac {ms^{2}}{20}}\,\!}$

${\displaystyle I_{\mathrm {hollow} }={\frac {ms^{2}}{12}}\,\!}$ [3]

Regular octahedron of side s and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{x,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{y,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{z,\mathrm {hollow} }={\frac {ms^{2}}{6}}\,\!}$ [3]
${\displaystyle I_{x,solid}=I_{y,solid}=I_{z,solid}={\frac {ms^{2}}{10}}\,\!}$ [3]
Regular dodecahedron of side s and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{x,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{y,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{z,\mathrm {hollow} }={\frac {ms^{2}(39\phi +28)}{90}}}$

${\displaystyle I_{x,\mathrm {solid} }=I_{y,\mathrm {solid} }=I_{z,\mathrm {solid} }={\frac {ms^{2}(39\phi +28)}{150}}\,\!}$ (where ${\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}}$) [3]

Regular icosahedron of side s and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{x,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{y,\mathrm {hollow} }=I_{z,\mathrm {hollow} }={\frac {ms^{2}\phi ^{2}}{6}}}$

${\displaystyle I_{x,\mathrm {solid} }=I_{y,\mathrm {solid} }=I_{z,\mathrm {solid} }={\frac {ms^{2}\phi ^{2}}{10}}\,\!}$ [3]

Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m.

A hollow sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin, circular hoops, where the radius differs from 0 to r (or a single stack, where the radius differs from -r to r).

${\displaystyle I={\frac {2mr^{2}}{3}}\,\!}$  [1]
Solid sphere (ball) of radius r and mass m.

A sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin, solid discs, where the radius differs from 0 to r (or a single stack, where the radius differs from -r to r).

${\displaystyle I={\frac {2mr^{2}}{5}}\,\!}$  [1]
Sphere (shell) of radius r2, with centered spherical cavity of radius r1 and mass m.

When the cavity radius r1 = 0, the object is a solid ball (above).

When r1 = r2, ${\displaystyle \left({\frac {{r_{2}}^{5}-{r_{1}}^{5}}{{r_{2}}^{3}-{r_{1}}^{3}}}\right)={\frac {5}{3}}{r_{2}}^{2}}$, and the object is a hollow sphere.

${\displaystyle I={\frac {2m}{5}}\left({\frac {{r_{2}}^{5}-{r_{1}}^{5}}{{r_{2}}^{3}-{r_{1}}^{3}}}\right)\,\!}$  [1]
Right circular cone with radius r, height h and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {3mr^{2}}{10}}\,\!}$  [4]
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {3m}{20}}\left(r^{2}+4h^{2}\right)\,\!}$  [4]
Right circular hollow cone with radius r, height h and mass m ${\displaystyle I_{z}={\frac {mr^{2}}{2}}\,\!}$  [4]
${\displaystyle I_{x}=I_{y}={\frac {m}{4}}\left(r^{2}+2h^{2}\right)\,\!}$  [4]
Torus with minor radius a, major radius b and mass m. About an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the diameter: ${\displaystyle {\frac {m}{4}}\left(4b^{2}+3a^{2}\right)}$  [5]
About a diameter: ${\displaystyle {\frac {m}{8}}\left(5a^{2}+4b^{2}\right)}$  [5]
Ellipsoid (solid) of semiaxes a, b, and c with mass m ${\displaystyle I_{a}={\frac {m}{5}}\left(b^{2}+c^{2}\right)\,\!}$

${\displaystyle I_{b}={\frac {m}{5}}\left(a^{2}+c^{2}\right)\,\!}$

${\displaystyle I_{c}={\frac {m}{5}}\left(a^{2}+b^{2}\right)\,\!}$
Thin rectangular plate of height h, width w and mass m
(Axis of rotation at the end of the plate)
${\displaystyle I_{e}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(4h^{2}+w^{2}\right)\,\!}$
Thin rectangular plate of height h, width w and mass m
(Axis of rotation at the center)
${\displaystyle I_{c}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(h^{2}+w^{2}\right)\,\!}$  [1]
Solid cuboid of height h, width w, and depth d, and mass m.

For a similarly oriented cube with sides of length ${\displaystyle s}$, ${\displaystyle I_{CM}={\frac {ms^{2}}{6}}\,\!}$

${\displaystyle I_{h}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(w^{2}+d^{2}\right)}$

${\displaystyle I_{w}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(d^{2}+h^{2}\right)}$

${\displaystyle I_{d}={\frac {m}{12}}\left(w^{2}+h^{2}\right)}$
Solid cuboid of height D, width W, and length L, and mass m, rotating about the longest diagonal.

For a cube with sides ${\displaystyle s}$, ${\displaystyle I={\frac {ms^{2}}{6}}\,\!}$.

${\displaystyle I={\frac {m}{6}}\left({\frac {W^{2}D^{2}+D^{2}L^{2}+W^{2}L^{2}}{W^{2}+D^{2}+L^{2}}}\right)}$
Triangle with vertices at the origin and at P and Q, with mass m, rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin. ${\displaystyle I={\frac {m}{6}}(\mathbf {P} \cdot \mathbf {P} +\mathbf {P} \cdot \mathbf {Q} +\mathbf {Q} \cdot \mathbf {Q} )}$
Plane polygon with vertices P1, P2, P3, ..., PN and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior, rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin. ${\displaystyle I={\frac {m}{6}}\left({\frac {\sum \limits _{n=1}^{N}\|\mathbf {P} _{n+1}\times \mathbf {P} _{n}\|\left(\left(\mathbf {P} _{n}\cdot \mathbf {P} _{n}\right)+\left(\mathbf {P} _{n}\cdot \mathbf {P} _{n+1}\right)+\left(\mathbf {P} _{n+1}\cdot \mathbf {P} _{n+1}\right)\right)}{\sum \limits _{n=1}^{N}\|\mathbf {P} _{n+1}\times \mathbf {P} _{n}\|}}\right)}$
Plane regular polygon with n-vertices and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior, rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin. a stands for side length. ${\displaystyle I={\frac {ma^{2}}{24}}\left(1+3\cot ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\pi }{n}}\right)\right)}$  [6]
Infinite disk with mass normally distributed on two axes around the axis of rotation with mass-density as a function of x and y:
${\displaystyle \rho (x,y)={\tfrac {m}{2\pi ab}}\,e^{-((x/a)^{2}+(y/b)^{2})/2}\,,}$
${\displaystyle I=m(a^{2}+b^{2})\,\!}$
Uniform disk about an axis perpendicular to its edge. ${\displaystyle I={\frac {3mr^{2}}{2}}}$[7]

## List of 3D inertia tensors

This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object.

To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above, the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \cdot \mathbf {I} \cdot \mathbf {n} \equiv n_{i}I_{ij}n_{j}\,,}$

where the dots indicate tensor contraction and we have used the Einstein summation convention. In the above table, n would be the unit Cartesian basis ex, ey, ez to obtain Ix, Iy, Iz respectively.

Description Figure Moment of inertia tensor
Solid sphere of radius r and mass m ${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}&0&0\\0&{\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}&0\\0&0&{\frac {2}{5}}mr^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$
Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m

${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}&0&0\\0&{\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}&0\\0&0&{\frac {2}{3}}mr^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Solid ellipsoid of semi-axes a, b, c and mass m ${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{5}}m(b^{2}+c^{2})&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{5}}m(a^{2}+c^{2})&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{5}}m(a^{2}+b^{2})\end{bmatrix}}}$
Right circular cone with radius r, height h and mass m, about the apex ${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {3}{5}}mh^{2}+{\frac {3}{20}}mr^{2}&0&0\\0&{\frac {3}{5}}mh^{2}+{\frac {3}{20}}mr^{2}&0\\0&0&{\frac {3}{10}}mr^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$
Solid cuboid of width w, height h, depth d, and mass m
${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{12}}m(h^{2}+d^{2})&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{12}}m(w^{2}+d^{2})&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{12}}m(w^{2}+h^{2})\end{bmatrix}}}$
Slender rod along y-axis of length l and mass m about end

${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{3}}ml^{2}&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{3}}ml^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Slender rod along y-axis of length l and mass m about center

${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{12}}ml^{2}&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{12}}ml^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Solid cylinder of radius r, height h and mass m

${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{12}}m(3r^{2}+h^{2})&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{12}}m(3r^{2}+h^{2})&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{2}}mr^{2}\end{bmatrix}}}$

Thick-walled cylindrical tube with open ends, of inner radius r1, outer radius r2, length h and mass m

${\displaystyle I={\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {1}{12}}m(3({r_{1}}^{2}+{r_{2}}^{2})+h^{2})&0&0\\0&{\frac {1}{12}}m(3({r_{1}}^{2}+{r_{2}}^{2})+h^{2})&0\\0&0&{\frac {1}{2}}m({r_{1}}^{2}+{r_{2}}^{2})\end{bmatrix}}}$