A compact executive car is a premium car smaller than an executive car. In European classification, compact executive cars are part of the D-segment. In North American terms, close equivalents are "compact premium car", "compact luxury car",^[1] "entry-level luxury car" and "near-luxury car".^[2]

History in the United States

The modern version of this market segment was successfully established in 1950 when "the Nash Rambler was deliberately conceived as a luxury compact rather than an austerity model" and available only as a convertible, with hardtop (no "B-pillar") and station wagon and models added in 1951.^[3]

By 1959, sales of European small cars and American Motors' Rambler lineup "exploded" with many of their buyers having above-average incomes leading commentators to describe "cultural motives behind their preferences" including the owners' "unconcern for symbols of success and importance that testified to the possession of the real thing."^[4] For example, the flagship Rambler Ambassador models were "striking and sophisticated in style, luxurious in ride and comfort" featuring "fine appointments and a more expensive look" but built on a compact unibody with a stretched nose."^[5] Long-time president, chairman, and CEO of General Motors, Alfred P. Sloan, described the rising demand for compact cars was not motivated by economy, but "was essentially a further expression of the customer's desire for variety."^[4]

By the early-1960s, the market for smaller, more economical cars, "but with more comfort, looks, and luxury" than ordinary compact cars included, among others, the Mercury Comet featuring style and interiors that "sparkle with most of the glamour Americans are accustomed to in their bigger cars."^[6] During the late-1960s, buyer preferences fragmented the market, moving to intermediates, personal/specialty, and all-out luxury cars, while the demand slowed for traditional large cars.^[7]

By the late 1970s, the energy crisis and inflation created a strong market for luxury compacts.^[8] The increasing fuel prices and competition pushed AMC to "exploit special market segments left untended by the giants.^[9] In 1978, "AMC introduced its new Concord luxury compact."^[10] It "represent[ed] an upgraded, more luxurious, more comfortable, more silent, more opulent automobile."^[11] Unlike other cars with optional at extra cost features, the "top-quality" Concord came with luxury as standard that included among others: crushed velour upholstery, vinyl covered landau roof with opera windows, color-keyed wheel covers, whitewall tires, extra quiet insulation, and extensive rustproofing.^{[11][not in citation given]}

Cadillac also responded to the changes in the marketplace and introduced the 1982 Cadillac Cimarron, a luxury version of the compact GM J platform.^[12] The car was "developed in response to Cadillac dealers who were hit hard by the turnaround toward small cars in the latent fuel crunch."^[13] By the mid 1980s, expensive-car buyers were looking for features such as "engine power and smoothness, nimble handling, and interior comfort and quiet" thus forcing the "prestige auto makers must sell product quality, not size."^[14] The Cimarron helped to boost the automaker's Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), but its badge engineering of a front-drive, high-volume model was evaluated as a low-value proposition in contrast to traditional Cadillac luxury.^{[15][dead link]}

In the early 2010s, automakers again responded to changes in the marketplace and in the "mind-set" of consumers looking for status on a budget.^[16] Traditional "luxury car makers are gearing up to offer small models that will test whether affluent U.S. car buyers are ready to concede that bigger isn't always better."^[17] Facing higher fuel costs and traffic, changes are sweeping through the luxury car market and "Americans are beginning to catch up with global trends."^[18] Part of this trend is a higher penetration by foreign brands in the US marketplace with examples such as the C-Class series of compact executive cars that became Mercedes-Benz's top-selling North American product line since 2000.^[19]

History in Europe

United Kingdom

Two of the earliest European compact executives were created by the Nuffield Organization and introduced in 1952 under the brands of MG Cars and Wolseley Motors. The badge engineered MG Magnette and Wolseley 4/44 twins had monocoque construction.^{[20][need quotation to verify]} Another monocoque compact executive was the Austin Cambridge which was brought to the market in 1954.^[21]

BMC offered larger Battista Farina designed saloons in 1959, which included the all-new Austin Cambridge Mk. II, MG Magnette Mk. III, Morris Oxford Series V, Riley 4/68-4/72 and Wolseley 15/60-16/60 derivatives.^{[citation needed]}

Other British compact executive contenders included the 1955 Hillman Minx, Singer Gazelle and sportier Sunbeam Rapier triplets from the Rootes Group. They were all replaced in 1966 with the Rootes Arrow range of cars - some of the last to be designed before the Chrysler takeover - and were made up of the Hillman New Minx and Hunter, Singer Gazelle VII and New Vogue as well as the top of the range Humber Sceptre Mk. III.^{[citation needed]}

Standard's Vanguard (available as Sportsman, Ensign, Vignale and Six derivatives) appeared after 1955. After Leyland bought the Standard-Triumph company, the Standard name was discontinued in 1963 in favour of the more saleable Triumph brand. In 1965 Leyland introduced the Triumph 1300 which was their first front-wheel drive vehicle. This evolved into the Triumph 1500 before being re-engineered for rear-wheel drive for the 1970 Triumph Toledo and Dolomite twins. The latter was fitted with a 16v, SOHC engine and is considered the world's first mass-produced multi-valve car.^{[22][not in citation given]}

By the time the Austin-Rover group formed in 1983, the Austin Montego - which was also available in sporting MG Montego guise - was about to be launched. Like the later Rover 600, Austin marketed the Montego as both a family and an executive car and correspondingly made it available with luxurious Vanden Plas trim and high-powered engines.^{[citation needed]}

In 1993 Rover introduced the larger 600-Series which straddled the compact executive and large family car classes. It was based on the 5th generation European Honda Accord but was a more upmarket proposition.^[23] The 600's replacement was the Rover 75, announced in 1998, which was also mid-sized and spawned a sportier MG ZT version. The Rover 75 continues in stretched form to this day^[24] as the Roewe 750, also known as MG 750, predominantly for the Chinese and South American markets.^{[citation needed]}

Like Rover, Jaguar's first compact executive competitor, the 2001 X-Type, was bigger than the class average, partly as a result of it being based on the Ford CD132 platform. Sales were disappointing^{[25][not in citation given]} so its replacement, the XE, didn't appear until 2014 - the XE is far more closely aligned with the biggest-selling compact executive class cars.^{[citation needed]}

Italy

Italian manufacturing group Fiat S.p.A. offered its 1961 Fiat 1300 as a 1500 model, with increased engine size for greater performance and prestige. This was followed by the Fiat 125 from 1967, Fiat 132 in 1972 and the related Argenta in 1981. Fiat no longer competes in the compact executive class.^{[citation needed]}

In 1962 Alfa Romeo started production of the Giulia sport sedan. The 116, 75, 155, 156 and 159 were the successors. Alfa Romeo was absent from the market for five years before returning with the new Giulia in 2016.^{[citation needed]}

Lancia, along with MG and Wolseley, helped to establish the modern compact executive car in the early 1950s. Lancia launched the monocoque Appia in 1953, which took styling inspiration from the glamorous Lancia Aurelia. In a complete clean sheet design, Lancia introduced the Fulvia in 1963; this was the last model introduced before FIAT's takeover in 1969. The Lancia Beta was introduced in 1972 and this morphed into the Trevi by 1980. The Lancia Delta based Prisma was too small to be a serious compact executive competitor, so the larger Dedra replaced it in 1989 which was itself usurped by the Lybra in 1998. Lancia failed to make a success of its compact executive competitors in later years and left the sector in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Germany

During the period of economic progress in the mid-sixties in Germany, BMW introduced its 02 series. Nowadays BMW has two compact executive model lines: 3 Series (Saloon and Touring) and 4 Series (Coupé, Cabriolet and Gran Coupé). There have been seven generations of the 3 Series; it is the best-selling BMW in the company's history.^{[26][not in citation given]}

Mercedes-Benz created a prototype compact executive car in 1960, which was given the development code W118.^[27] However, they didn't proceed with the model when their chief engineer moved to DKW which was then sold to the Volkswagen Group. It wasn't until 1983 that Mercedes-Benz introduced its first compact executive car, the 190E.^{[28][need quotation to verify]} Contemporary Mercedes-Benz compact executive automobiles are marketed under C-Class branding which is in its fourth generation. Saloon, Estate, hatchback (called Sport Coupé), Coupé and Convertible derivatives of the C-Class have been manufactured over the years.^{[citation needed]}

Most of the Volkswagen Group's compact executives are produced by Audi which in 1965 introduced its first competitor, the Audi F103 – derived from the DKW F102. It was succeeded by the Audi 80 in 1972 before the A4 name began, of which there have been five generations. Contemporary Audi's compact executive models are A4 and A5. Volkswagen introduced the upmarket CC to sit above the family-biased Passat in 2007. In 2017 Volkswagen discontinued the CC in favour of the fastback Arteon.^{[citation needed]}

Spain

SEAT's first attempt at a compact executive car was a re-badged FIAT 132, called the SEAT 132. SEAT, however, fitted their version of the 132 with different engines, which included the Mercedes-Benz OM615 diesel unit.

The more recent SEAT Exeo is a lower-cost compact executive heavily based on the B7 Audi A4 but was discontinued after five years due to low sales.^{[29][not in citation given]} SEAT has not yet made a compact executive competitor of its own design.^{[citation needed]}

France

In 1966 Simca offered first French compact executive car model^{[citation needed]} 1301/1501 which is upgraded derivate from its 1300 model. With its aggressive design, roomy and powerful engines with speed of over 150km/h these cars were accepted most on the domestic market. After 1975 Simca no longer compete with such class of cars.^{[citation needed]}

Citroën offered a compact executive with its DS 5 hatchback, but production ceased in mid 2018.^{[30][not in citation given]} It formed a part of the range of DS Automobiles, the new luxury brand of PSA. Peugeot and Renault have concentrated on the family car market.^{[citation needed]}

Sweden

The Swedish brand Volvo has started production of compact executive automobiles with its Amazon in 1955. It was followed by Volvo 140, then 850 which evolved into the S70 saloon and V70 estate. Nowadays it offers the Volvo S60 and V60 in the compact executive car sector.^{[citation needed]}

Fellow Swedish brand Saab introduced the 99 in 1968 and replaced it with the 90 in 1984. Under GM control and on GM's GM2900 platform (which also underpins cars like the Vauxhall Cavalier and Opel Vectra), SAAB introduced the 900 (NG) which evolved into the first generation 9-3 in 1998. Saab's last compact executive car was the second-generation 9-3 which was produced from 2003 to 2014.^{[citation needed]}

History in Japan

The Japanese luxury automobile market is rather young compared to the European and American markets. There are three main premium car brands in Japan: Acura, Infiniti and Lexus which were all established in the mid to late 1980s. All three brands became popular in the US, but only Infiniti and Lexus are sold in Europe. The examples of the Japanese compact executive automobiles are Lexus IS (also known as the Toyota Altezza until the second generation), Infiniti Q50 and Q60 (previously known as the G-Series), and the Acura TLX (a re-badged North American Honda Accord, which replaced the Acura TSX (which was a re-badged European Honda Accord itself)).^{[citation needed]}

Mazda attempted to break into the compact executive market in the early 1990s with its own-brand Xedos 6. This was initially to be marketed under Mazda's luxury Amati brand, designed to take on Acura, Infiniti and Lexus. When the Amati project fell through the Xedos 6 continued in Europe badged as a Mazda and in Japan and Australia as the Eunos 500. When the Xedos 6 was discontinued in 1999, Mazda returned its focus to the large family car market.^{[citation needed]}

Characteristics

Dimensionally, compact executive cars are smaller than mid-size/large family cars, and sometimes even smaller than compact cars. Mass market compact cars typically use the economical front wheel drive transverse engine layout, well suited to the inline-4 engine, which also maximizes interior room. Several compact executive cars use front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout with longitudinal engines, for improved stability and handling,^{[31][not in citation given]} and in order to accommodate the larger size of higher-performance engines (straight-6, V6, rarely V8), with all-wheel drive often being available.^{[1][not in citation given]} Compact executive cars also tend have more complicated independent suspensions, sportier transmissions, and high revolution engines that may require premium gasoline. The more complex powertrain and mechanical layouts of compact executive cars comes at increased cost and reduced interior passenger and trunk space.^{[citation needed]}

Compact executive cars usually offer the buyer less equipment, interior room or engine horsepower for the money, compared to mass market (non-luxury) cars.^{[citation needed]} However, the material and building quality is higher, there are exclusive features not found on mass market cars, there is better handling and performance, and the nameplate itself is part of the value proposition.^{[1][not in citation given]} Recently, the entry-level luxury segment has been very competitive, and there has been price-overlapping with well-equipped non-luxury cars.^[32][33] Today, many compact executive cars particularly emphasize sporty handling.^{[34][not in citation given], [35][not in citation given]} This category of vehicle is crucial to luxury marque BMW; BMW 3 Series accounts for up to 40% of the vehicles that BMW sells worldwide.^{[36][not in citation given]}

Other vehicles such as the Lexus ES, Acura TL, Acura TSX, and Chrysler 300 are also considered entry-level luxury in the United States and Canada, being similar in price to the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz C-Class.^{[37][not in citation given]} However, the ES and TL are not sold in Europe and do not fall under European luxury classifications. The ES and TL actually began as badge engineered versions of the midsize Toyota Camry and Honda Accord, respectively, retaining the front wheel drive transverse engine layout platform with mass-market cars. The ES and TL are not considered executive cars either, despite similar dimensions, since executive cars usually emphasize higher performance, often being rear-wheel drive with longitudinal engines (the Chrysler 300 and 300C are examples).^{[34][not in citation given]}.^{, [35][not in citation given]} The present iterations of the ES and LaCrosse emphasize "comfortable, reasonably priced luxury",^[38] while the TL has recently been targeted at the entry-level luxury sport market.^{[37][not in citation given]}

See also

• Compact car
• Large family car
• Mid-size car
• Personal luxury car
• Sport compact